This year I’m working on two different projects that need an Entity System (ES). One of them is a non-game app written natively on iOS + Android. The other is an FPS in Unity3D.

There are good, basic Open-Source ES’s out there today (and c.f. the sidebar there). I tried porting a few, but none of them were optimized for performance, and most of them were too tightly coupled to a single programming language or platform. I’ve started a new ES of my own – Aliqua.org – to fix these problems, and I’m already using it in an app that’s in alpha-testing.

I’ll be blogging experiences, challenges, and ideas as I go.

Background: focus on ES theory, or ES practice?

If you’re new to ES’s, you should read my old blog posts (2007 onwards), or some of the source code + articles from the ES wiki.

My posts focussed on theory: I wanted to inspire developers, and get people using an ES effectively. I was fighting institutionalised mistakes – e.g. the over-use of OOP in ES development – and I wrote provocatively to try and shock people out of their habits.

But I avoided telling people “how” to implement their ES. At the extreme, I feared it would end up specifying a complete Game Engine:

Give a man a game engine and he delivers a game. Teach a man to make a game engine and he never delivers anything.

— Juuso ○° (@sandbaydev) November 20, 2013

…OK. Fine. 7 years later, ES’s are widely understood and used well. It’s time to look at the practice: how do you make a “good” ES?

NB: I’ve always assumed that well-resourced teams – e.g. AAA studios – need no help writing a good ES. That’s why I focussed on theory: once you grok it, implementation concerns are no different from writing any game-engine code. These posts are aimed at non-AAA teams: those who lack the money (or expertise) to make an optimized ES first time around.

For my new ES library, I’m starting with the basics: Data Structures, and how you store your ES data in memory.

Where you see something that can be done better – please comment!

Aside on Terminology: “Processors, née Systems”

ES “Systems” should be batch-processing algorithms: you give them an array/stream of homogeneous data, and they repeat one algorithm on each row/item. Calling them “Processors” instead of “Systems” reduces confusion.

Why care about Data Structures?

There is a tension at the heart of Entity Systems:

• In an ES game, we design our code to be Functional: independent, data-oriented, highly efficient for streaming, batching, and multi-threaded execution. Individual Processors should be largely independent, and easy to split out onto different CPU cores.
• With the “Entity” (ID) itself, we tie those Functional chunks together into big, messy, inter-dependent, cross-functional … well, pretty much: BLOBs. And we expect everything to Just Work.

If our code/data were purely independent, we’d have many options for writing high-performance code in easy ways.

If our data were purely chunked, fixed at compile-time, we’d have tools that could auto-generate great code.

But combining the two, and muddling it around at runtime, poses tricky problems. For instance:

1. Debugging: we’ve gone from clean, separable code you can hold in your head … to amorphous chunks that keep swelling and contracting from frame-to-frame. Ugh.
2. Performance: we pretend that ES’s are fast, cache-efficient, streamable … but at runtime they’re the opposite: re-assembled every frame from their constituent parts, scattered all over memory
3. Determinism: BLOBs are infamously difficult to reason about. How big? What’s in them? What’s the access cost? … we probably don’t know.

With a little care, ES’s handle these challenges well. Today I’m focussing on performance. Let’s look at the core need here:

• Each frame, we must:
  1. Iterate over all the Processors
  2. For each Processor:
     1. Establish what subset of Entity/Component blobs it needs (e.g. “everything that has both a Position and a Velocity”)
     2. Select that from the global Entity/Component pool
     3. Send the data to the CPU, along with the code for the Processor itself

The easiest way to implement selection is to use Maps (aka Associative Arrays, aka Dictionaries). Each Processor asks for “all Components that meet [some criteria]“, and you jump around in memory, looking them up and putting them into a List, which you hand to the Processor.

But Maps scatter their data randomly across RAM, by design. And the words “jump around in memory” should have every game-developer whimpering: performance will be bad, very bad.

NB: my original ES articles not only use Maps, but give complete source implementations using them. To recap: even in 2011, Android phones could run realtime 30 FPS games using this. It’s slow – but fast enough for simple games

Volume of data in an ES game

We need some figures as a reference point. There’s not enough detailed analysis of ES’s in particular, so a while back I wrote an analysis of Components needed to make a Bomberman clone.

…that’s effectively a high-end mobile game / mid-tier desktop game.

Reaching back to 2003, we also have the slides from Scott’s GDC talk on Dungeon Siege.

…that’s effectively a (slightly old) AAA desktop game.

From that, we can predict:

• Number of Component-types: 50 for AA, 150 for AAA
• Number of unique assemblages (sets of Component-types on an Entity): 1k for AA, 10k for AAA
• Number of Entities at runtime: 20k for AA, 100k for AAA
• Size of each Component in bytes: 64bits * 10-50 primitives = 100-500 bytes

How do OS’s process data, fast?

In a modern game the sheer volume of data slows a modern computer to a crawl – unless you co-operate with the OS and Hardware. This is true of all games. CPU and RAM both run at a multiple of the bus-speed – the read/write part is massively slow compared to the CPU’s execution speed.

OS’s reduce this problem by pre-emptively reading chunks of memory and caching them on-board the CPU (or near enough). If the CPU is processing M1, it probably wants M2 next. You transfer M2 … Mn in parallel, and if the CPU asks for them next, it doesn’t have to wait.

Similarly, RAM hardware reads whole rows of data at once, and can transfer it faster than if you asked for each individual byte.

Net effect: Contiguous memory is King

If you store your data contiguously in RAM, it’ll be fast onto the Bus, the CPU will pre-fetch it, and it’ll remain in cache long enough for the CPU(s) to use it with no extra delays.

NB: this is independent of the programming-language you’re using. In C/C++ you can directly control the data flow, and manually optimize CPU-caching – but whatever language you use, it’ll be compiled down to something similar. Careful selection and use of data-structures will improve CPU/cache performance in almost all languages

But this requires that your CPU reads and writes that data in increasing order: M1, M2, M3, …, M(n).

With Data Structures, we’ll prioritize meeting these targets:

1. All data will be as contiguous in RAM as possible; it might not be tightly-packed, but it will always be “in order”
2. All EntitySystem Processors will process their data – every frame (tick) – in the order it sits in RAM
   • NOTE: a huge advantage of ES’s (when used correctly) is that they don’t care what order you process your gameobjects. This simplifies our performance problems
3. Keep the structures simple and easy to use/debug
4. Type-safety, compile-time checks, and auto-complete FTW.

The problem in detail: What goes wrong?

When talking about ES’s we often say that they allow or support contiguous data-access. What’s the problem? Isn’t that what we want?

NB: I’ll focus on C as the reference language because it’s the closest to raw hardware. This makes it easier to describe what’s happening, and to understand the nuances. However, these techniques should also be possible directly in your language of choice. e.g. Java’s ByteBuffer, Objective-C’s built-in C, etc.

Usually you see examples like a simple “Renderer” Processor:

• Reads all Position components
  • (Position: { float: x, float y })
• Each tick, draws a 10px x 10px black square at the Position of each Component

We can store all Position components in a tightly-packed Array:

This is the most efficient way a computer can store / process them – everything contiguous, no wasted space. It also gives us the smallest possible memory footprint, and lets the RAM + Bus + CPU perform at top speed. It probably runs as fast or faster than any other engine architecture.

But … in reality, that’s uncommon or rare.

The hard case: One Processor reads/writes multiple Component-types

To see why, think about how we’d update the Positions. Perhaps a simple “Movement” Processor:

• Reads all Position components and all Velocity components
  • (Position: { float: x, float y })
  • (Velocity: { float: dx, float dy })
• Each tick, scales Velocity.dx by frame-time, and adds it to Position.x (and repeats for .dy / .y)
• Writes the results directly to the Position components

“Houston, we have a problem”

This is no longer possible with a single, purely homogeneous array. There are many ways we can go from here, but none of them are as trivial or efficient as the tight-packed array we had before.

Depending on our Data Structure, we may be able to make a semi-homogeneous array: one that alternates “Position, Velocity, Position, Velocity, …” – or even an array-of-structs, with a struct that wraps: “{ Position, Velocity }”.

…or maybe not. This is where most of our effort will go.

The third scenario: Cross-referencing

There’s one more case we need to consider. Some games (for instance) let you pick up items and store them in an inventory. ARGH!

…this gives us an association not between Components (which we could handle by putting them on the same Entity), but between Entities.

To act on this, one of our Processors will be iterating across contiguous memory and will suddenly (unpredictably) need to read/write the data for a different Entity (and probably a different ComponentType) elsewhere.

This is slow and problematic, but it only happens thousands of times per second … while the other cases happen millions of times (they have to read EVERYTHING, multiple times – once per Processor). We’ll optimize the main cases first, and I’ll leave this one for a later post.

Iterating towards a solution…

So … our common-but-difficult case is: Processors reading multiple Components in parallel. We need a good DS to handle this.

Iteration 1: a BigArray per ComponentType

The most obvious way forwards is to store the EntityID of each row into our Arrays, so that you can match rows from different Arrays.

If we have a lot of spare memory, instead of “tightly-packing” our data into Arrays, we can use the array-index itself as the EntityID. This works because our EntityID’s are defined as integers – the same as an array-index.

Usage algorithm:

• For iterating, we send the whole Array at once
• When a Processor needs to access N Components, we send it N * big-arrays
• For random access, we can directly jump to the memory location
  • The Memory location is: (base address of Array) + (Component-size * EntityID)
  • The base-address can easily be kept/cached with the CPU while iterating
  • Bonus: Random access isn’t especially random; with some work, we could optimize it further

Problem 1: Blows the cache

This approach works for our “simple” scenario (1 Component / Processor). It seems to work for our “complex” case (multiple Components / Processor) – but in practice it fails.

We iterate through the Position array, and at each line we now have enough info to fetch the related row from the Velocity array. If both arrays are small enough to fit inside the CPU’s L1 cache (or at least the L2), then we’ll be OK.

Each instance is 500 bytes
Each BigArray has 20k entries

Total: 10 MegaBytes per BigArray

This quickly overwhelms the caches (even an L3 Cache would struggle to hold a single BigArray, let alone multiple). What happens net depends a lot on both the algorithm (does it read both arrays on every row? every 10th row?), and the platform (how does the OS handle RAM reads when the CPU cache is overloaded?).

We can optimize this per-platform, but I’d prefer to avoid the situation.

Problem 2: memory usage

Our typeArray’s will need to be approimately 10 megabytes each:

For 1 Component type: 20,000 Entities * 50 variables * 8 bytes each = 8 MB

…and that’s not so bad. Smaller components will give smaller typeArrays, helping a bit. And with a maximum of 50 unique ComponentTypes, we’ve got an upper bound of 500 MB for our entire ES. On a modern desktop, that’s bearable.

But if we’re doing mobile (Apple devices in 2014 still ship with 512 MB RAM), we’re way too big. Or if we’re doing dynamic textures and/or geometry, we’ll lose a lot of RAM to them, and be in trouble even on desktop.

Problem 3: streaming cost

This is tied to RAM usage, but sometimes it presents a bottleneck before you run out of memory.

The data has to be streamed from RAM to the CPU. If the data is purely contiguous (for each component-type, it is!), this will be “fast”, but … 500 MB data / frame? DDR3 peaks around 10 Gigabytes / second, i.e.:

Peak frame rate: 20 FPS … divided by the number of Processors

1 FPS sound good? No? Oh.

Summary: works for small games

If you can reduce your entity count by a factor of 10 (or even better: 100), this approach works fine.

• Memory usage was only slightly too big; a factor of 10 reduction and we’re fine
• CPU caching algorithms are often “good enough” to handle this for small datasets

The current build of Aliqua is using this approach. Not because I like it, but because it’s extremely quick and easy to implement. You can get surprisingly far with this approach – MyEarth runs at 60 FPS on an iPad, with almost no detectable overhead from the ES.

Iteration 2: the Mega-Array of Doom

Even on a small game, we often want to burst up to 100,000+ Entities. There are many things we could do to reduce RAM usage, but our biggest problem is the de-contiguous data (multiple independent Arrays). We shot ourselves in the foot. If we can fix that, our code will scale better.

In an ideal world, the CPU wants us to interleave the components for each Entity. i.e. all the Components for a single Entity are adjacent in memory. When a Processor needs to “read from the Velocity and write to the Position”, it has both of them immediately to hand.

Problem 1: Interleaving only works for one set at a time

If we interleave “all Position’s with all Velocity’s”, we can’t interleave either of them with anything else. The Velocity’s are probably being generated by a different Processor – e.g. a Physics Engine – from yet another ComponentType.

So, ultimately, the mega-array only lets us optimize one Processor – all the rest will find their data scattered semi-randomly across the mega-array.

NB: this may be acceptable for your game; I’ve seen cases where one or two Processors accounted for most of the CPU time. The authors optimized the DS for one Processor (and/or had a duplicate copy for the other Processor), and got enough speed boost not to worry about the rest

Summary: didn’t really help?

The Mega Array is too big, and it’s too interconnected. In a lot of ways, our “lots of smaller arrays – one per ComponentType” was a closer fit. Our Processors are mostly independent of one another, so our ideal Data Structure will probably consist of multiple independent structures.

Perhaps there’s a halfway-house?

Iteration 3: Add internal structure to our MegaArray

When you use an Entity System in a real game, and start debugging, you notice something interesting. Most people start with an EntityID counter that increases by 1 each time a new Entity is created. A side-effect is that the layout of components on entities becomes a “map” of your source code, showing how it executed, and in what order.

e.g. With the Iteration-1 BigArrays, my Position’s array might look like this:

1. First entity was an on-screen “loading” message, that needed a position
2. BLANK (next entity holds info to say if loading is finished yet, which never renders, so has no position)
3. BLANK (next entity is the metadata for the texture I’m loading in background; again: no position)
4. Fourth entity is a 3d object which I’ll apply the texture to. I create this once the texture has finished loading, so that I can remove the “loading” message and display the object instead
5. …etc

If the EntityID’s were generated randomly, I couldn’t say which Component was which simply by looking at the Array like this. Most ES’s generate ID’s sequentially because it’s fast, it’s easy to debug (and because “lastID++;” is quick to type ;)). But do they need to? Nope.

If we generate ID’s intelligently, we could impose some structure on our MegaArray, and simplify the problems…

1. Whenever a new Entity is created, the caller gives a “hint” of the Component Types that entity is likely to acquire at some time during this run of the app
2. Each time a new unique hint is presented, the EntitySystem pre-reserves a block of EntityID’s for “this and all future entities using the same hint”
3. If a range runs out, no problem: we add a new range to the end of the MegaArray, with the same spec, and duplicate the range in the mini-table.
4. Per frame, per Processor: we send a set of ranges within the MegaArray that are needed. The gaps will slow-down the RAM-to-CPU transfer a little – but not much

Problem 1: Heterogeneity

Problem 1 from the MegaArray approach has been improved, but not completely solved.

When a new Entity is created that intends to have Position, Velocity, and Physics … do we include it as “Pos, Vel”, “Pos, Phys” … or create a new template, and append it at end of our MegaArray?

If we include it as a new template, and insist that templates are authoritative (i.e. the range for “Pos, Vel” templates only includes Entities with those Components, and no others) … we’ll rapidly fragment our mini-table. Every time an Entity gains or loses a Component, it will cause a split in the mini-table range.

Alternatively, if we define templates as indicative (i.e. the range for “Pos, Vel” contains things that are usually, but not always Pos + Vel combos), we’ll need some additional info to remember precisely which entities in that range really do have Pos + Vel.

Problem 2: Heterogeneity and Fragmentation from gaining/losing Components

When an Entity loses a Component, or gains one, it will mess-up our mini-table of ranges. The approach suggested above will work … the mini-table will tend to get more and more fragmented over time. Eventually every range is only one item long. At that point, we’ll be wasting a lot of bus-time and CPU-cache simply tracking which Entity is where.

NB: As far as I remember, it’s impossible to escape Fragmentation when working with dynamic data-structures – it’s a fundamental side effect of mutable data. So long as our fragmentating problems are “small” I’ll be happy.

Problem 3: Heterogeneity and Finding the Components within the Array

If we know that “Entity 4″ starts at byte-offset “2048″, and might have a Position and Velocity, that’s great.

But where do we find the Position? And the Velocity?

They’re at “some” offset from 2048 … but unless we know all the Components stored for Entity 4 … and what order they were appended / replaced … we have no idea which. Raw array-data is typeless by nature…

Iteration 4: More explicit structure; more indexing tables

We add a table holding “where does each Entity start”, and tables for each Component stating “offset for that Component within each Entity”. Conveniently, this also gives us a small, efficient index of “which Entities have Component (whatever)”:

Problem 1: non-contiguous data!

To iterate over our gameobjects, we now need:

• One big mega-array (contiguous)
• N x mini arrays (probably scattered around memory)

Back to square one? Not quite – the mini-arrays are tiny. If we assume a limit of 128,000 entities, and at most 8kb of data for all Components on an Entity, our tables will be:

[ID: 17bits][Offset: 13 bits] = 30 bits per Component

…so that each mini-array is 1-40 kB in size. That’s small enough that several could fit in the cache at once.

Good enough? Maybe…

At this point, our iterations are quite good, but we’re seeing some recurring problems:

• Re-allocation of arrays when Components are added/removed (I’ve not covered this above – if you’re not familiar with the problem, google “C dynamic array”)
• Fragmentation (affects every iteration after Iteration 1, which doesn’t get any worse simple because it’s already as bad as it could be)
• Cross-referencing (which I skipped)

I’ve also omitted history-tracking – none of the DS’s above facilitate snapshots or deltas of game state. This doesn’t matter for e.g. rendering – but for e.g. network code it becomes extremely important.

There’s also an elephant in the room: multi-threaded access to the ES. Some ES’s, and ES-related engines (*cough*Unity*cough*), simply give-up on MT. But the basis of an ES – independent, stateless, batch-oriented programming – is perfect for multi threading. So there must be a good way of getting there…

…which gives me a whole bunch of things to look at in future posts :).

PS … thanks to:

Writing these things takes ages. So much to say, so hard to keep it concise. I inflicted early drafts of this on a lot of people, and I wanted to say “thanks, guys” :). In no particular order (and sorry in advance if final version cut bits you thought should be in there, or vice versa): TCE’ers (especially Dog, Simon Cooke, doihaveto, archangelmorph, Hypercube, et al), ADB’ers (Amir Ebrahimi, Yggy King, Joseph Simons, Alex Darby, Thomas Young, etc). Final edit – and any stupid mistakes – are mine, but those people helped a lot with improving, simplifying, and explaining what I was trying to say.

Today I found a new article on implementing a Bomberman clone using an Entity System (in C#) – but I feel it doesn’t quite work.

It’s a well-written article, with some great illustrations. But the authors “Components” struck me as over-complicated and too behaviour-focussed. If you’re designing a game based on an ES, this isn’t a great way to do it – it feels too much towards old-style OOP gameobjects.

This is an opportunity to talk about good and bad directions in Component design. I really like the author’s idea of using Bomberman as a reference – it’s simple, it’s a well-known game, but it’s got a lot of depth. Read the original article to refresh your memory on Bomberman and how it works. Then come back here, and we’ll do a worked example on choosing components for a game. I’ll completely ignore the programming issues, and only look at the design issues.

Continue reading →

In the ongoing, epic comments (300+ and counting!) for my Entity Systems posts, one of the recurring questions is:

What makes a good Component?
How should I split my conceptual model into Entities and Components?
How should I split my algorithms and methods into Systems?

It’s often difficult to answer these questions without concrete examples, which are thin on the ground.

Good news, then…

Paul Gestwicki runs a CS315: Game Programming course, and last year his students used an Entity System to implement their game – Morgan’s Raid. In a recent email conversation, he mentioned he’d been monitoring the actual number – and nature – of the Components and Systems that the teams developed and used on the project.

He’s now posted this list, along with some brief analysis.

All systems and Components

Read Paul’s post – there are some caveats he mentions, and there’s a useful diagram showing roughly how many systems were using each component.

I strongly recommend you play the game too (it’s free, and quick to play) so you can get an idea straight away – just from the names – what data and code some of these contain.

To recap, here’s the list:

“For your reading convenience, here’s a simple tabular view of the systems and components

Systems	Components
BackgroundTileSystem CityNameSystem DestinationSystem FadingSystem GPSToScreenSystem HoverableSystem ImageRenderingSystem IntInterpolationSystem MinimumSleepTimeSystem MorganLocationSystem NightRenderingSystem OnClickMoveHereSystem OnScreenBoundingBoxSystem RaidSoundSystem RailwaySystem ReputationSystem RevealingTextSystem SpeedSystem StepwisePositionInterpolationSystem SunSystem TimePassingSystem TimeTriggeredSystem TownArrivalSystem TownArrowSystem TownUnderSiegeSystem	AnimationRenderable ArrivesAtTownIndex BackgroundTile BeenRaided CentersOnGPS CityData CityImages CityName CityPopulation CityTargets CommandPoint Destination DoesCityHaveMilitia DoesCityLoseGame DoesCityWinGame GPSPosition GPSPositionList HasMorganGPS Hoverable ImageRenderable ImageRenderLayer InGameTime IntInterpolated	MinimumSleepTimeOverride Morgan MorganLocation MovesOnClick OnClickMoveHere OnScreenBoundingBox OnScreenBoundingBoxList PositionInterpolated Raidable Raider Railway Reputation ReputationValue RevealingText Road RoadsToCity RouteTaken Speed Sun Terrain TimeToRaid TimeTriggeredEvent TownAdjacency TownArrow TownUnderSeige

”

Things I noticed straight away:

1. There’s approximately 2:1 ratio of “components” to “systems”
2. In Paul’s post, all the Systems are accessing *something*
3. In Paul’s post, quite a few Components are NOT accessed
4. A couple of components are used by almost every System
5. The names of some Systems suggest they’re very trivial – perhaps only a dozen lines of effective code
6. The names of some Components suggest they’re being designed in an OOP hierarchy

NB: I haven’t had time to look at the source code, but it’s freely downloadable here, so I’d recommend having a look if you have time.

How many Components per System?

I’ve generally started people off with: “aim for 1:1 ratio”. This is mainly to kick them out of the traditional class-based OOP mindset. In practice, there’s really no need to stick to that religiously – once you get the hang of ES design, you should be freely adding and subtracting components all over the place.

In reality, the pressures on “number of systems” and “number of components” are independent. Ideally, you add a new system when you have a major new concept to add to your game – e.g. “previously I was using hand-made jumping, now I want to add a complete physics-driven approach. This will mean changing collision-detection, changing the core game-loop, etc”.

Ideally, you add a new component when you have a new “dimension” to the game objects. For instance, if you’re adding a physics System, you may not need to add any new Components – it might be that all you need is Location (containing x,y,x position and dx,dy,dz velocity) and RenderState (containing screen-pixels x,y) – and that you already have those components.

Zero systems per component

One of the advantages of an ES is that old code can just fall off the radar and disappear. So I’m not surprised at all to see some components that appear to be unused – and it’s MUCH easier to simply delete this code from your project than it would be on a traditional OOP project. Does anything reference that data? If so, it’s a set of particular systems. For each system, you can look at MERELY the system and the component, and make a very quick decision about whether you still need this access – or if you can refactor to move (some of) it somewhere else. The amount of code you need to read to make such decisions safely is typically very small – i.e. easy, quick, and less error-prone.

Many systems per component

This is fine. However, it can also be an early-warning sign of a design or code-architecture bug. Sometimes, there are components that – innately – are just needed all over the place. For instance, in a team-based game, the component saying which “team” a given object/player/item/building belongs to is likely to affect almost every piece of algorithm code across the board. It’ll be referenced by many systems.

On the flip-side, it may be a sign that you’ve put too much data into one component. There are two usual versions of this:

1. You have – say – 8 variables in the struct where you should instead have two structs (components), one with 5 variables, the other with 3.
2. You have – say – 4 variables in the struct, but different systems are using those variables to mean different things. It works OK for now, but it’s very fragile – as soon as the different meanings diverge even a little, your code is going to start breaking

Of course, you get this exact problem in traditional OOP setups, but with an ES it’s trivial to fix. Split – or duplicate – the Component, change a few references in the Systems, and you’re done. If it turns out a week later that the split wasn’t necessary – or worse, was a step backwards (e.g. you find yourself frequently synching the data between those components) – it’s extremely cheap to swap it back.

By contrast, with OOP, this is a nightmare scenario, because you have to worry about every method on the original class. Does that method:

1. Need to exist on both the new classes, or just one?
2. Work correctly for the new class it will be on – or does it currently rely on some of the data (and shoudln’t) and will need to be re-written?
3. Get used by other parts of the codebase in ways that will break if/when you split the class?

Thoughts, Suggestions?

…this is just a lightning quick analysis, but I strongly invite you to do you own digging into the classes – and the codebase – and come up with your own thoughts and feedback. We have here a convenient, real-life, list of components/systems – something to dig our teeth into, and debate the rights and wrongs of each decision. And I’m sure the students involved on the project would be interested in your feedback on their approaches :)

Did this post help you?

You can say “thank you” by giving me your email address, and letting me contact you next time I make a game of my own:

(this is a simplified, but complete, version of the “Entity System 1: Java/Android”)

NB: this post is part of the community effort to make working, usable, free, source-examples of actual Entity Systems, found at http://entity-systems.wikidot.com/

Wiki link: http://entity-systems.wikidot.com/rdbms-with-code-in-systems

Github source: https://github.com/adamgit/Entity-System–RDBMS-Inspired–Objective-C-

I’m posting my original design notes here – also copy/pasted to the wiki, but the wiki version will probably evolve over time. Comments on this post will be disabled – please comment direct on the wiki / wiki discussion pages.

NB: the source code is in GitHub, that’s where you should download it from (will include any fixes and updates over time)

Concepts

(integer) Entity
(enum) ComponentType
(interface OR empty base-class) Component
(interface OR empty base-class) System
(class with implementation) EntityManager

Data Classes

Entity

This is a non-negative integer, and uniquely identifies an entity within the ES. If you serialize your ES, this SHOULD be the same after serialization. New entities have to be assigned a new, unique, integer value when they are created. When an entity is destroyed, its integer value is freed, available for re-use.

ComponentType

This is needed because this ES is so simplistic it has no other way of identifying which Component you’re talking about when you’re looking at a single Entity.

(richer EntitySystems MAY not need this type)

Component

This exists purely to make method-signatures type-safe. We need to know that certain objects are valid instances of a “component” (so we use this superclass to indicate that), but we also need a method that’s guaranteed to work on all those objects (see below).

(richer EntitySystems make more use of this, and require it to be a class, but for this simple ES, you can use an interface/header file)

System

This exists purely to contain a known method-signature that your game-loop can call once per game-tick.

EntitySystem Implementation Classes

Each subclass of Component

Internally, the class has the following functions:

1. (ComponentType) getComponentType();

EntityManager

This contains:

1. The master collections (arrays, hashmaps, whatever) that contain all the data for all the entities
2. Logic for creating, modifying, fetching, and deleting entities
3. Logic for fetching and modifying components-from-entities

Internally, the class has the following variables:

1. MAP: from “Entity + ComponentType” to “concrete Component subclass”
2. LIST: all entities in existence (so it never duplicates entity-IDs!)

3. Internally, the class has the following functions:

   1. (Component) getComponent( Entity, ComponentType );
   2. (List) getAllComponentsOfType( ComponentType );
   3. (List) getAllEntitiesPossessingComponent( ComponentType );
   4. (void) addComponent( Entity, Component );
   5. (int) createEntity;
   6. (void) killEntity( Entity );